Stature Estimation of Sichuan Han Females Based on X-ray Photography of Total Lower Limbs / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To establish a mathematical model of stature estimation for Sichuan Han females on the basis of the relationship between lower limbs and individual height, thus to provide evidence for forensic identification.@*METHODS@#Samples were collected from 171 Sichuan Han females. Large flat panel multi-function digital photography system was used to take the full-body X-ray films of the lower limbs. Indexes of long bones and stature of the subjects were measured, respectively. A linear regression analysis was carried out on the correlation between them, and a mathematical model of the stature calculation was established. Then the mathematical model was used to calculate the stature of another 29 Sichuan Han females to test its accuracy.@*RESULTS@#The maximum length of femur （x1） had the highest correlation with stature. A total of 13 linear regression equations were established （P<0.05）, with the correlation coefficient （R） 0.821-0.897 and the standard error of the estimation （SEE） 2.994-3.812 cm. The backtesting showed that the equation y=41.604+1.205 x1+1.318 x6+2.444 x12+1.852 x13-2.388 x14 had the smallest mean absolute deviation （2.485 years old） and the highest accuracy of ±2SEE （92.9%）, and that the equation y=48.783+2.568 x1 had the highest accuracy of ±1SEE （60.7%）.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The stature estimation is high by using the long bones of the lower limbs has high accuracy.

Stature Estimation for Sichuan Han Female Based on Whole-spine X-ray Photo-graphy / 法医学杂志

Objective To establish regression models of stature estimation for Sichuan Han female by the measurement of total vertebral column length in the frontal and lateral X-ray films of whole-spine. Methods The frontal and lateral X-ray films of whole-spine were collected from 200 Sichuan Han fe-males by large flat-panel multi-functional universal radiography and fluoroscopy system. The data and mean values of frontal and lateral total vertebral column length were measured and calculated in all the samples, respectively. The relationship of combined multi-markers and stature were analysed by linear regression analysis, and the mathematical models of stature estimation were established. The data of 30 new samples were selected and inputted for verifying the accuracy of the mathematical models. Results The total vertebral column length showed a good correlation with stature, and the mean values of the frontal and lateral X-ray films of total vertebral column length had the highest correlation coefficients. Three established linear regression equation models were statistically significant(P＜0.05), and the equa-tion established with lateral total vertebral column length showed the highest accuracy. Conclusion The stature estimation by the measurement of total vertebral column length has high accuracy.

Relationship between Body Height and Craniofacial Lines Measured by CT in Southwest Han Males / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish regression model between craniofacial lines and body height by measuring craniofacial lines in Southwest Han males using CT and to accumulate data for the study of forensic anthropology.@*METHODS@#Head CT data of 273 Han males in Southwest were collected and 7 craniofacial lines were determined. Multiplanar reconstruction and volume rendering were performed by image post-processing software and the selected lines were measured. The relationship between each measuring indicator and body height was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software. The regression equation of body height estimation was established and 50 samples were selected again and put into the mathematics models to verify its accuracy.@*RESULTS@#The linear regression equations of 7 lines were established (P < 0.05). The correlation coefficients of the unary linear regression equations were 0.190-0.439 and the standard errors of the estimate (SEE) were 4.597-5.023 cm. The correlation coefficients of the multiple linear regression equation were 0.494-0.524 and the SEE were 4.418-4.458 cm. The return tests showed that the highest ± 1SEE accuracy of the multiple regression equation: y = 83.959+3.589 x6+2.573 x2, were 30%; and the highest ± 2SEE accuracy of the multiple regression equation: y = 72.646+3.316 x6+1.586 x2+1.553 x4+2.211 x3, were 92%.@*CONCLUSION@#There is significant linear correlation between 7 selected lines and the stature in this study, and the plural linear regression equation established could be applied for estimating the stature of Southwest Han males.

Progress on the Rule of Clavicle Epiphyseal Closure Using Multi-Imaging Technology / 法医学杂志

People aged 18 years could be punished lightly or diminished criminal responsibility, even be spared the death sentence, which has important meaning in Chinese judicatory adjudication. The epiphysis of long bones from human limbs and the secondary sexual characteristics almost have developed completely before 18 years old. Clavicle epiphysis is one of the articular metaphysis which has a late epiphyseal closure. The recent studies in exploring the rule of clavicle epiphyseal by multi-imaging technology shows that the development of clavicle epiphysis has some value in age estimation of 18 years old. CT, especially thin-section CT, is widely used at present. However, thin-section CT scanning has great net radiation, which is not ethically acceptable if it is not for diagnosis and treatment. MRI is nonradioactive tomographic imaging and easy to evaluate, which is one of the future research directions in forensic age estimation using the medial clavicle. This paper summarizes the progress on the rule of clavicle epiphyseal closure, and analyzes and summarizes the feasibility of rule of clavicle epiphyseal closure applies on age estimation.

Relation between Body Height and Combined Length of Manubrium and Mesosternum of Sternum Measured by CT-VRT in Southwest Han Population / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish the linear regression equation between body height and combined length of manubrium and mesostenum of sternum measured by CT volume rendering technique (CT-VRT) in southwest Han population.@*METHODS@#One hundred and sixty subjects, including 80 males and 80 females were selected from southwest Han population for routine CT-VRT (reconstruction thickness 1 mm) examination. The lengths of both manubrium and mesosternum were recorded, and the combined length of manubrium and mesosternum was equal to the algebraic sum of them. The sex-specific linear regression equations between the combined length of manubrium and mesosternum and the real body height of each subject were deduced.@*RESULTS@#The sex-specific simple linear regression equations between the combined length of manubrium and mesostenum (x3) and body height (y) were established (male: y = 135.000+2.118 x3 and female: y = 120.790+2.808 x3). Both equations showed statistical significance (P < 0.05) with a 100% predictive accuracy.@*CONCLUSION@#CT-VRT is an effective method for measurement of the index of sternum. The combined length of manubrium and mesosternum from CT-VRT can be used for body height estimation in southwest Han population.